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American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader who revolutionized big-band jazz and composed thousands of scores over his 50-year career. Born in Washington D. C., Ellington rose to fame during Harlem Renaissance-era performances at New York's Cotton Club. He led his orchestra from 1923 until death, creating jazz standards like 'Take the A Train' and symphonic works. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom (1969) and posthumous Pulitzer Prize (1999).

• Nicknamed 'Duke' for his elegant demeanor by childhood friends, a persona he maintained throughout life.
• Refused a 1965 Pulitzer Prize jury recommendation for his contributions, protesting racial discrimination; later received special posthumous award.
• Maintained creative control by paying musicians above union rates, enabling complex rehearsals and retaining stars like Johnny Hodges for decades.
• Died from lung cancer complications exacerbated by lifelong heavy smoking; funeral attended by over 12,000 at New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine.