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American jazz double bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader, and activist renowned for his innovative fusion of jazz traditions and avant-garde experimentation. Born in Nogales, Arizona; raised in Los Angeles. Began on trombone/cello before switching to bass. Played with Louis Armstrong, Lionel Hampton, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker. Founded Debut Records (1952) and Jazz Workshop ensembles. Key works include 'Pithecanthropus Erectus' (1956), 'Mingus Ah Um' (1959), 'The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady' (1963). Diagnosed with ALS (1977).

• Notorious for onstage temper: Once punched trombonist Jimmy Knepper, damaging his embouchure; fired musicians mid-performance.
• Advocated racial justice: Composed 'Fables of Faubus' protesting Arkansas governor's school segregation; censored lyrics on initial release.
• Faced mental health struggles: Hospitalized at Bellevue in 1966; documented in documentary 'Mingus' (1968).
• Lost manuscripts: Evicted from NYC apartment (1966), resulting in destruction of scores; later reconstructed compositions from memory.
• Founded first musician-run label: Debut Records co-created with Max Roach to bypass industry exploitation.
• Died from ALS complications in Cuernavaca, Mexico; ashes scattered in Ganges River per his wishes.