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Franz Liszt's "Études d'exécution transcendante," S.139, is a set of 12 virtuosic piano studies that are among his most famous and challenging compositions. Here are some interesting facts about this remarkable work:

1. Transformation from Earlier Études: Liszt initially composed a set of 12 études between 1826 and 1839, which were known as the "Études en douze exercices" (Studies in Twelve Exercises). Later, in 1851, he revised and expanded them into the "Études d'exécution transcendante," adding a spiritual and philosophical dimension to the music.

2. Transcendental Execution: The term "transcendental" in the title of the études refers to the incredibly high level of technical difficulty they present. Liszt intended these studies to push the boundaries of piano technique, and they are often considered some of the most challenging pieces in the piano repertoire.

3. Mastery of Different Technical Aspects: Each étude is designed to address a specific technical challenge, making it a valuable resource for pianists to develop and refine their skills. These challenges include octaves, trills, leaps, rapid passages, and double notes, among others.

4. Programmatic Elements: Liszt added descriptive titles to the études, providing insight into the intended emotional and visual imagery. For example, the first étude, "Preludio," is marked "In the Mountains," while the third étude, "Paysage," suggests a "Landscape" scene. These titles add a storytelling element to the music.

5. Influence on Future Composers: The transcendental études had a profound impact on the development of piano music and technique. Many composers, including Sergei Rachmaninoff and Claude Debussy, were inspired by Liszt's innovations in piano writing and technique.

6. Musical Substance: While they are primarily exercises in technique, the transcendental études also offer profound musical depth. Liszt was a master of incorporating lyricism, drama, and emotion into even his most technically demanding compositions, making them more than just mere exercises.

7. Dedication to Schumann: The set is dedicated to the German composer Robert Schumann, whom Liszt greatly admired. The two composers had a complex and often competitive relationship, but Liszt's dedication of this work to Schumann shows his deep respect for his contemporary.

8. Diverse Expressiveness: The études range from dramatic and virtuosic pieces to those that are gentle and lyrical. This diversity of expression showcases Liszt's ability to convey a wide range of emotions through his music.

9. Revival of Interest: In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the transcendental études, with more pianists taking on the challenge of performing the complete set. The études continue to be an important part of the piano repertoire, appreciated for their technical and artistic significance.

10. Legacy: Liszt's "Études d'exécution transcendante" remain a testament to his virtuosity, innovation, and influence on the world of piano music. They continue to be a benchmark for pianists seeking to push the boundaries of their technical abilities and artistic expression.